product design
Q1 WHAT IS PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
A product life cycle is the length of time from a product first being introduced to consumers until it is removed from the market. A product’s life cycle is usually broken down into four stages; introduction, growth, maturity, and decline.
As mentioned above, there are four generally accepted stages in the life cycle of a product—introduction, growth, maturity, and decline.
- Introduction: This phase generally includes a substantial investment in advertising and a marketing campaign focused on making consumers aware of the product and its benefits.
- Growth: If the product is successful, it then moves to the growth stage. This is characterized by growing demand, an increase in production, and expansion in its availability.
- Maturity: This is the most profitable stage, while the costs of producing and marketing decline.
- Decline: A product takes on increased competition as other companies emulate its success—sometimes with enhancements or lower prices. The product may lose market share and begin its decline.
Product Policy of an Organisation:
Product policy is the top management (Strategic) decision. Every organisation has their own product strategies or policies, which form the basis of competing in the market. They become the unique selling proposition (USP) of the company. As per the requirements of the company, it may choose product policies. The same company can opt for different policies for the different products.
Lowest Price:
The Company will be the price leader and the company is going to offer the product at the cheapest price than its competitors. Price becomes the criteria used to compete in the market. Though the profit per unit is less, the company is going to make the substantial profit by the large volume.
Highest Quality:
Compromise between Cost and Quality:
Some Organizations in order to capture the larger sections of the customers, offer products with the optimum blend of quality and cost. The products are reasonably of good quality in proportion to its price. These organisation try to give good value to the customers for his money.
Safety:
Some Organizations give maximum importance to safety. Safety is the criteria on which they compete in the market, ex – All home appliances, electrical gadgets etc. Thus Organizations have to choose the policies suitable for them. This policy is going to influence the design to the large extent
Q3 How to select a profitable product ?
SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis is a framework used to evaluate a company's competitive position and to develop strategic planning. SWOT analysis assesses internal and external factors, as well as current and future potential.
Strengths
Strengths describe what an organization excels at and what separates it from the competition: a strong brand, loyal customer base, a strong balance sheet, unique technology, and so on. For example, a hedge fund may have developed a proprietary trading strategy that returns market-beating results. It must then decide how to use those results to attract new investors.
Weaknesses
Weaknesses stop an organization from performing at its optimum level. They are areas where the business needs to improve to remain competitive: a weak brand, higher-than-average turnover, high levels of debt, an inadequate supply chain, or lack of capital.
Opportunities
Opportunities refer to favorable external factors that could give an organization a competitive advantage. For example, if a country cuts tariffs, a car manufacturer can export its cars into a new market, increasing sales and market share.
Threats
Threats refer to factors that have the potential to harm an organization. For example, a drought is a threat to a wheat-producing company, as it may destroy or reduce the crop yield. Other common threats include things like rising costs for materials, increasing competition, tight labor supply. and so on.
Q4 What are the steps for product design process (use lecture notes)
Q5 What is product Analysis (use lecture notes )
unit -2
Q1 what are the advantage and application of product design
- 1increased sales of your products or services.
- 2 improved market position relative to your competitors.
- 3 greater customer loyalty and fewer customer complaints.
- 4 a stronger identity for your business.
- 5 the ability to create new products and services and open up new markets.
Q2 What is functional analysis (USE LECTURE NOTES)
FUNCTION ANALYSIS SYSTEM TECHNIQUE (FAST)
What is Function Analysis System Technique (FAST)?
A technique to develop a graphical representation showing the logical relationships between the functions of a project, product, process or service based on the questions “How” and “Why”.
Why is the Function Analysis System Technique important?
The Function Analysis System Technique aids in thinking about the problem objectively and in identifying the scope of the project by showing the logical relationships between functions. The organization of the functions into a function-logic, FAST diagram enables participants to identify of all the required functions. The FAST diagram can be used to verify if, and illustrate how, a proposed solution achieves the needs of the project, and to identify unnecessary, duplicated or missing functions.
Benefits of the Function Analysis System Technique:
The development of a FAST diagram is a creative thought process which supports communication between team members.
The development of a FAST diagram helps teams to:
- Develop a shared understanding of the project
- Identify missing functions.
- Define, simplify and clarify the problem.
- Organize and understand the relationships between functions.
- Identify the basic function of the project, process or product.
- Improve communication and consensus.
- Stimulate creativity.
How To Create a FAST Diagram
Three key questions are addressed in a FAST Diagram:
- How do you achieve this function?
- Why do you do this function?
- When you do this function, what other functions must you do?
The following diagram illustrates how a function is expanded in "How" and "Why" directions in a FAST diagram.
Steps in constructing the FAST Diagram
Start with the Functions as identified using Function Analysis:
- Expand the functions in the "How" and "Why" directions:
- Build along the "How" path by asking 'how is the function achieved'? Place the answer to the right in terms of an active verb and measurable noun.
- Test the logic in the direction of the "Why" path (right to left) by asking 'why is this function undertaken?'
- When the logic does not work, identify any missing or redundant functions or adjust the order.
- To identify functions that happen at the same time, ask "when this function is done, what else is done or caused by the function?"
- The higher order functions (functions towards the left on the FAST Diagram) describe what is being accomplished and lower order functions (functions towards the right on the FAST Diagram) describe how they are being accomplished.
- "When" does not refer to time as measured by a clock, but functions that occur together with or as a result of each other.
UNIT 3
- Product Definition: The Product Definition Phase begins with collection of VOC and translating the customer wants and needs into product specifications. It may also involve a competitive analysis to evaluate how effectively the competitor’s product fulfills the customer wants and needs. The initial design concept is based on the particular product performance requirements and specifications.
- Product Development: During the Product Development Phase, the critical parts and assemblies are identified. The critical product characteristics are cascaded down and translated to critical or key part and assembly characteristics or specifications. The functional requirements or specifications are then defined for each functional level.
- Process Development: During the Process Development Phase, the manufacturing and assembly processes are designed based on product and component specifications. The process flow is developed and the critical process characteristics are identified.
- Process Quality Control: Prior to production launch, the QFD process identifies critical part and process characteristics. Process parameters are determined and appropriate process controls are developed and implemented. In addition, any inspection and test specifications are developed. Full production begins upon completion of process capability studies during the pilot build.
UNIT -5
Laminated Object Manufacturing: LOM
Laminated object manufacturing uses a building platform onto which the sheets of material can be rolled out. The materials are usually coated with an adhesive layer that is heated by a feeding roller to melt the adhesive. In this way, each layer can be glued to the previous one to build up an object. A blade or laser is used to draw out the geometry of the object as well as cross hatching excess material to facilitate the removal of waste.
Once a layer has been glued into place and the required dimensions drawn, the build platform moves down so another layer of material can be rolled into position with the heated roller. This process is repeated until the model or prototype is complete.
If an object is printed using layers of paper it will take on wood-like properties and so may need sanding to finish. Paper objects are then often sealed with paint or lacquer to prevent moisture getting in.
Advantages
LOM offers several advantages for industry for the quick and inexpensive production of prototypes and other products. Companies can use a computer-generated model of a product to quickly and efficiently build a prototype from inexpensive build materials like paper, making LOM preferable for rapid prototyping than other manufacturing processes, including 3D printers.
The LOM process can be used to create both solid and hollow objects, including large parts, faster and for less cost than with standard additive manufacturing. Relatively large parts can be created easily as there is no chemical reaction in the build process, while there is also no need for support material as the laminated material supports itself while curing before the final object is cut out.
Models created with paper have wood-like characteristics, meaning that they can be worked and finished in a similar way.
Applications
Despite the challenges and disadvantages of LOM, the process remains an excellent option for conceptual prototyping due to the speed and low cost of the process.
Scale models can also be created using laminated object manufacturing, while the use of colour inks and paper also allows for the creation of inexpensive yet eye-catching 3D promotional items.
C) SLS
Selective laser sintering (SLS) is a powder bed printing technology. It uses a laser to fuse tiny bits of nylon powder, tracing the geometry of digitally sliced CAD models layer by layer and working from the bottom of the part upwards.
How Does Selective Laser Sintering Work?
The SLS machine begins sintering each layer of part geometry into a heated bed of nylon-based powder. After each layer is fused, a roller moves across the bed to distribute the next layer of powder. The process is repeated layer by layer until the build is complete.
When the build finishes, the entire powder bed with the encapsulated parts is moved into a breakout station, where it is raised up, and parts are broken out of the bed. An initial brushing is manually administered to remove a majority of loose powder. Parts are then bead blasted to remove any of the remaining residual powder before ultimately reaching the finishing department.
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